ABA SAFMEDS Practice Exam

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• Which experimental design begins with concurrent measurement of two or more behaviors in a baseline condition, followed by the application of the treatment variable to one behavior while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other behaviors, and then applying the treatment sequentially to the others?
• A stimulus–response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits.
• Which procedure reduces problem behavior by reinforcing a behavior that is topographically incompatible with the problem behavior?
• In ABA, which term refers to the persistence of a behavior after reinforcement has ceased?
• Which time sampling method tends to overestimate the amount of behavior being measured?
• Which design compares two or more treatment conditions by alternating them in a rapid sequence?
• An environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest.
• Which time-out method uses a barrier to prevent the person from seeing others while the time-out is in effect?
• What term describes the extent to which a learner continues to perform the target behavior after the intervention responsible for its initial appearance has been terminated?
• Which term is used to describe the ability of a behavior to occur repeatedly over time?
• Which term involves the repeating of experiments, as well independent variable conditions within experiments?
• Which assessment method uses structured interviews, checklists, rating scales, or questionnaires to obtain information about the person without direct observation?
• Represents the level and trend of behavior between successive data points, and it is a primary focus of attention the interpretation and analysis of graphed data.
• Which term describes the form of a response?
• Refers to the consistency of measurement, specifically, the extent to which repeated measurement of the same event yields the same values.
• A metaphor to describe a rate of responding and its resistance to change following an alteration in reinforcement conditions is called what?
• What term describes reinforcement that is available only for a finite time after the lapse of an interval, such that if the target response does not occur within the time limit, reinforcement is withheld and a new interval begins?
• Which procedure decreases problem behavior by reinforcement contingent on a behavior that is topographically incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior?
• Which stance emphasizes the tentativeness of scientific knowledge and the willingness to replace beliefs with new discoveries?
• Which design uses reintroduction of the intervention to replicate treatment effects and strengthen experimental control?
• A contingency in which a response terminates (produces escape from) an ongoing stimulus, such as closing a window terminating cold air, is called what?
• A behavior that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus controls is called what?
• A measurement of the presence or absence of behavior during time intervals or at specific moments in time; useful with continuous or high-rate behaviors
• Which term describes the belief in an inner mental dimension that mediates behavior?
• Which term refers to the degree to which findings generalize to other subjects, settings, or behaviors?
• Which term is often contrasted with discrete-trial procedures and allows behavior to occur spontaneously and at variable rates?
• Which term describes the relationship where an antecedent increases the probability of a response?
• Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) that operates independent of the behavior analyst's or practitioner's efforts; includes socially mediated contingencies contrived by other people and already in effect in the relevant setting.
• Which term describes a time-out procedure in which the student is removed to a hallway location near the room for a specified period of time?
• Which time sampling method tends to underestimate the amount of behavior being measured?
• Which term describes a stimulus that serves as reinforcement and increases the future frequency of a behavior?
• The response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli.
• Which term describes a reinforcer that is learned through association with primary reinforcers and is not naturally occurring?
• Which concept describes the belief that people with disabilities should be integrated into mainstream society regardless of disability?
• Which time-out procedure describes maintaining the individual in the setting while access to reinforcement is denied following a target behavior?
• Which term refers to the absence of responding after reinforcement, typically observed as a pause before responding again?
• Which term refers to the history of reinforcement, or past conditioning experiences?
• Which procedure involves reinforcing a desirable alternative behavior and withholding reinforcement following instances of the problem behavior?
• Which assessment approach uses a full range of inquiry methods to identify probable antecedent and consequent controlling variables?
• The elapsed time between two successive responses is called what?
• Which term indicates interventions produce practical results for the subject?
• Which term describes a behavior change produced by differential reinforcement, leading to the emergence of a new response class?
• Which term refers to the activity of living organisms, including detectable displacement in space through time and resulting in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment?
• Which term refers to a stimulus that does not elicit a response in the current context?
• Which term is a form of behaviorism that seeks to understand all human behavior including private events?
• In functional analysis, which condition uses attention as the reinforcing consequence?
• Which chaining method is used to teach the final link first and then add preceding links?
• What term denotes an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells?
• Which contingency makes it difficult for the learner to discriminate whether the next response will produce reinforcement?
• In forward chaining, what is the first step the learner is taught in the task analysis?
• A simple tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior.
• Which term describes the contingent loss of reinforcers that reduces behavior frequency?
• What term describes the outcome of an experiment that demonstrates a functional relation and shows that a predictable change in behavior can be produced by manipulating the independent variable?
• Which procedure is defined by withholding attention as a consequence for undesired behavior, typically used as a time-out strategy?
• In functional analysis, which condition uses escape from demands as the reinforcing consequence?
• Which term describes the pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response?
• Extent to which 2 factors vary together—can be used to predict the probability that one event will occur.
• Which term describes a contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus?
• Which term refers to procedures described clearly enough that others can implement them exactly as authored?
• Which term demonstrates that prior level of baseline responding would have remained unchanged had the independent variable not been introduced?
• The environment where instruction occurs, including planned and unplanned influences on learning, is called what?
• Which term describes the practice of collecting knowledge about behavior through direct observation and measurement?
• Which teaching strategy promotes generalized behavior change by teaching to respond to a subset of all relevant stimulus and response examples, then assessing untrained examples?
• Which verbal operant involves a response that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with a spoken stimulus?
• Which term refers to the interpretation of graphically displayed data used by behavior analysts in a systematic form of examination?
• Which phrase means repeating the independent variable manipulations conducted previously in the study and obtaining similar outcomes?
• What is another name for the dependent group contingency?
• In single-subject designs, which term refers to a design in which the intervention is withdrawn to observe whether target behavior returns to baseline?
• What schedule provides reinforcement for the FIRST CORRECT response after a variable duration of time occurring in a random or unpredictable order?
• In the IWATA study, which condition was used to test social disapproval (attention)?
• Which of the following are components of Generalized Behavior Change?
• Which type of study is defined as having the independent variable presented or absent during a time period, independent of distribution assumptions?
• An operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others is called what?
• Which term refers to the response class selected for intervention defined functionally or topographically?
• In experimental design, the variable that is deliberately changed by the researcher to observe its effect is called the
• Which concept describes reinforcement for some but not all occurrences of the behavior?
• A checklist that provides descriptions of specific skills and the conditions under which each skill should be observed is called what?
• Which definition best describes parametric analysis?
• Which term describes the process by which presenting a stimulus after a behavior increases its future frequency under similar conditions?
• Which of the following is NOT a functional class of verbal behavior?
• Which term best describes the demonstration of a functional relation and decisions based on data?
• refers to the fact that a behavior can occur repeatedly through time.
• Which schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on emitting more than a gradually increasing criterion of responses?
• In applied behavior analysis, what is the term for the variable measured to determine changes resulting from manipulation of the independent variable, representing socially significant behavior?
• Which term refers to measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected?
• Which measurement method records, at specific time points, whether each individual in a group is engaged in the target behavior, providing a measure of group behavior?
• What term refers to the relationship between operant behavior and its controlling variables, including how outcomes are predicted?
• Which phenomenon occurs when extinction is first implemented, showing a temporary increase in the target behavior before decreasing?
• What is phylogeny?
• Which is NOT a component of informed consent?
• What term describes the state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it last consumed or contacted a reinforcer, and is also used to increase reinforcer effectiveness?
• Which principle describes using a high-probability behavior to reinforce a low-probability behavior (the Grandma's Rule)?
• Which term describes the relationship where the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal response?
• Which term is listed as the last item in the material and has no accompanying definition?
• Which principle states that the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior?
• An environmental variable that TEMPORARILY alters the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus and the current frequency of all behavior reinforced by that stimulus is known as what?
• Which term is the data collected during baseline conditions used to determine the effects of the independent variable?
• What measure describes the total extent of time a behavior occurs?
• Which term is described as the ability for effects to generalize across contexts and settings?
• Which procedure is a full-range assessment using observation, interview, testing, and the systematic manipulation of antecedent or consequence variables to identify probable antecedent and consequent controlling variables?
• Which behavior change tactic, based on positive punishment, requires the learner to perform effortful behavior directly related to repairing the damage caused by the problem behavior?
• In which extinction procedure are behaviors maintained with negative reinforcement placed on extinction when those behaviors are not followed by termination of the aversive stimulus; emitting the target behavior does not enable escape?
• Which term occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior?
• Which term describes a behavior that is controlled by observing a model's physical movement, excluding vocal-verbal behavior, and occurs immediately after the model?
• Which term refers to all the behaviors a person can do, or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task?
• The force, intensity, or quantitative value of a response is referred to as what?
• A stimulus in the presence of which responses have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same responses have occurred and not been reinforced is called what?
• Which term refers to behavior controlled by a verbal rule, enabling indirect control by temporally remote or potentially significant consequences?
• Which term refers to the interrelated network of reinforcement contingencies that can produce substantial and long-lasting behavior changes?
• Which of the following is one of the seven attitudes of science?
• What term describes a tactic for promoting setting/situation generalization by making the instructional setting similar to the generalization setting, including a two-step process?
• Which concept involves randomly varying functionally irrelevant stimuli to promote generalization?
• A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest is called what?
• Which verbal operant is evoked by a verbal SD that does NOT have point-to-point correspondence with the stimulus?
• Which term describes an avoidance pattern that occurs only in the presence of a signaling cue and is more likely under some conditions?
• Which design is characterized by its use of multiple baselines across different subject, settings, or behaviors to demonstrate the effects of an intervention?
• Which term refers to the decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a stimulus?
• A stimulus that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with other reinforcers is called what?
• What term describes a fictitious variable used to explain a phenomenon that adds nothing to the functional understanding, such as attributing lever-pushing to intelligence when the light is on and food is available but not when the light is off and no food is available?
• Which term is a functional class of verbal behavior?
• What term describes a special form of event recording that measures the number of responses or practice opportunities needed to reach a pre-established level of accuracy or proficiency?
• In functional analysis, which condition uses sensory stimulation as the reinforcing consequence?
• Which term describes a stimulus change that increases the future frequency of the behavior that immediately precedes it?
• Which term describes the degree to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure?
• In single-subject experimental designs, what is the term for the reasoning involving prediction, verification, and replication?
• An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable is called what?
• Which term denotes the presumption that the universe is lawful and orderly, with events caused by other events?
• Generalized Behavior Change refers to a behavior change that has not been taught directly.
• What describes any aspect of the experimental setting that must be held constant to prevent unintended environmental variation?
• Which term defines a general statement describing the relation between behavior and its controlling variables across settings and species?
• Which term is defined as a ratio of count per observation time?
• Which technique measures presence or absence of behavior over discrete moments, especially for high-frequency behavior?
• Which term refers to a form of punishment that introduces a stimulus following a behavior to reduce its future occurrence?
• Which term is the objective observation of the phenomena of interest?
• Which term denotes a discriminative stimulus signaling reinforcement is available for a behavior?
• What is the basic process by which operant learning occurs, in which consequences following a response increase or decrease the likelihood of the same behavior under similar motivational conditions?
• Which contingency describes a situation in which the response terminates an ongoing stimulus?
• Which term holds that only behaviors likely to produce reinforcement in the person's natural environment should be targeted for change?
• Which measurement procedure is used for obtaining a tally or count of the number of times a behavior occurs?
• Any stimulus made functional for the target behavior in the instructional setting that later prompts or aids the learner in performing the target behavior in a generalization setting?
• Which term describes the degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events?
• Which design withdraws the intervention and reintroduces it to demonstrate replication of effects?
• Behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness.
• Which term is one of the seven dimensions or attitudes describing generalizability across settings?
• In operant conditioning, extinction refers to which of the following?
• Which measurement method records the presence or absence of behaviors at precisely specified time intervals?
• Which procedure decreases problem behavior by reinforcing a behavior that serves as a desirable alternative to the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior?
• Which term refers to how closely observed data match the true state of the event?
• Which term denotes a stimulus present before a behavior occurs?
• Which term describes a design that analyzes the effects of individual components within a treatment package?
• Latency is a measurable dimension of behavior describing the time from the onset of the antecedent to the start of the response.
• What term describes the phenomenon where a response reinforced in the presence of one cue is evoked by similar cues with shared features?
• Which term describes the removal of a stimulus following a behavior, increasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future?
• Which form of behaviorism attempts to understand all human behavior including private events?
• Which term denotes a decrease in the frequency of operant behavior due to continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that followed the behavior?
• The lifetime development history of an individual organism is called what?
• What is the name of the contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group depends on the behavior of one member or a subset within the group?
• Which term describes the ability for effects to generalize across people, places, and time?
• The elapsed time from the onset of a stimulus (e.g., task direction, cue) to the initiation of a response.
• Which concept occurs when the behavior measured is the same as the behavior that is the focus of the investigation?
• In a functional analysis, what term describes the experimental conditions under which the behavior is tested to identify maintaining variables?
• Which observation method provides a measure of group behavior by recording whether each member of a group is engaged in the target behavior at specific points in time?
• Which term describes a sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain?
• What is the term for the discontinuing of reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior, resulting in a decline in frequency?
• Which term describes a systematic process for identifying and selecting teaching examples that represent the full range of stimulus variations and response requirements in the generalization setting?
• What term refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time?
• Which observation method involves direct, continuous observation of all behaviors and their antecedents and consequences in the client's natural environment?
• A response immediately followed by the removal of a stimulus, or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus, that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions (Type II punishment).
• What term describes a system where participants earn generalized conditioned reinforcers (tokens) for specific behaviors and exchange them for items and activities from a menu of backup reinforcers?
• Which chaining method teaches the final step in a sequence first and then progressively adds earlier steps?
• Which concept refers to the extent to which a learner continues to perform the target behavior after the intervention has been terminated?
• What term refers to tangible items or activities available to be exchanged for tokens in a token economy?
• A consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior is called what?
• Which term is the stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex that elicits respondent behavior without prior learning?
• A previously neutral stimulus that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with punishers is called what?
• Which time sampling method is described as teacher-friendly?
• The stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; the formerly neutral stimulus is called what?
• Which term refers to the imitation of a model's behavior?
• Which term describes the influence on data reporting due to the observer's awareness that others are evaluating the data?
• Which extent term describes the extent to which an experiment shows that changes are due to the independent variable and not to other variables?
• Which term describes a response that can be emitted at nearly any time, is discrete, requires minimal time for completion, and can produce a wide range of response rates?
• Which procedure involves changing reinforcement contingencies by gradually increasing the response ratio or the duration of the time interval?
• The history of development of an individual organism during its lifetime is called what?
• The outcome following a behavior that can influence future behavior is called what?
• Which term means the reaction that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus due to conditioning?
• A motivating operation that temporarily increases the effectiveness of a stimulus thereby having an evocative effect on behavior is called what?
• Which procedure reduces problem behavior by reinforcing a behavior that serves as a desirable alternative to the problem behavior and withholding reinforcement following instances of the problem behavior?
• What term describes a stimulus change that immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that behavior?
• What term refers to the overall direction taken by the data path?
• Which term describes the designation of responses as members of the target class by their environmental effect?
• In operant conditioning, a contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer is called what?
• Which term describes a time-out procedure in which, contingent on the occurrence of an inappropriate behavior, the student is removed from the classroom to a hallway location near the room for a specified period of time?
• A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior. Which term is this?
• Which concept describes the tendency for the same type of behavior to be evoked by stimuli that share similar physical properties with the controlling antecedent stimulus?
• Which term describes a behavior that, when learned, influences a wide range of untrained behaviors?
• The variable manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable is known as what?
• Which term describes the degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events?
• Which term describes a simple stimulus–response relation between an antecedent stimulus and the pupil's rapid contraction in bright light?
• Which phenomenon occurs when a response reinforced in the presence of one cue is evoked by other cues with similar features?
• Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period?
• Which term describes a form of overcorrection where the learner must repeat a correct form of the behavior, or a behavior incompatible with the problem behavior, after the target behavior occurs?
• Reinforcement that occurs independent of social mediation of others.
• Which term describes a behavior that is controlled by its consequences, as evidenced by reinforcement and punishment shaping its occurrence?
• Which term describes a mutually agreed document that specifies a contingent relationship between completion of specified behavior(s) and access to specified reinforcer(s)?
• Which term describes a systematic process for identifying and selecting teaching examples that represent the full range of stimulus variations and response requirements in generalization settings?
• Which term is a systematic process for identifying and analyzing the purposes (functions) a problem behavior serves?
• Which term denotes the value placed on the usefulness or desirability of a behavior in a given situation?
• Which term describes behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences?
• A stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus is called what?
• A stimulus that strengthens a response because it has been paired with reinforcement is called what?
• An interrelated community of contingencies of reinforcement that can be especially powerful, producing substantial and long-lasting behavior changes is called what?
• In functional analysis, which condition uses access to a tangible item as the reinforcing consequence?
• Which contingency describes reinforcement for all members being dependent on every member meeting a common criterion?
• Which term refers to an analysis of the purposes (functions) of problem behavior, wherein antecedents and consequences representing those in the person's natural routines are arranged within an experimental design so that their separate effects on problem behavior can be observed and measured?
• Which training approach provides practice with a variety of stimulus conditions, response variations, and response topographies to promote generalization?
• In operant conditioning, what are the three components of the three-term contingency?
• Which term describes the timing of a behavior in relation to other events?
• The extent to which a learner emits untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained target behavior.
• A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of the behavior that immediately precedes it.
• Which term describes a reinforcement procedure where reinforcers are delivered on a fixed-time or variable-time schedule independently of the learner's behavior?
• Which term indicates that behavior is observable and measurable and that the subject's behavior has changed?
• Which term refers to the set of conditions used in a functional analysis to identify the environmental variables maintaining behavior?
• What is the two-phase experimental design consisting of a pre-treatment baseline condition (A) followed by a treatment condition (B)?
• Which term refers to the rate of responding, expressed as the number of responses per unit time?
• Which design involves rapid alternation of two treatments across phases to compare their effects?
• Which term means absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement?
• Which term indicates interventions are consistent with principles of behavior and are evidenced-based?
• The results of measurements, usually in quantified form.
• Which schedule requires completion of a fixed number of responses for reinforcement?
• Which term refers to the behavioral effect caused by abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from dense to thin reinforcement schedules?
• Which design combines multiple baseline, reversal, and/or alternating treatment tactics to compare the effects of two or more independent variables?
• Which term describes decisions based on data demonstrating a functional relation?
• Which schedule provides reinforcement after a varying amount of time, independent of any response?
• In the IWATA study, which condition involves isolating the subject with no social interaction?
• Which term describes the tendency for a response to be evoked by stimuli similar to the original stimulus because of prior reinforcement?
• In a well-controlled study, the variable deliberately manipulated is called the
• Which term is a complex example of stimulus control that requires stimulus generalization within a class of stimuli and discrimination between classes of stimuli?
• Which term describes the variable that is frequently referred to as the intervention or treatment variable?
• Which measurement method records the presence or absence of behaviors at precise moments in time, often by checking at pre-specified instants rather than continuously?
• Which term describes behavior controlled by a verbal rule enabling indirect control by distant consequences?
• What term describes any operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to emit the response?
• Which term is defined as a ratio of count per observation time?
• An unpleasant or noxious stimulus.
• A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.
• Which term refers to operant learning where consequences influence the future probability of the same behavior?
• Which term is a motivating operation that temporarily increases the effectiveness of a stimulus thereby evoking behavior?
• Which term describes the pairing of a neutral stimulus with another stimulus to transfer function?
• In a study, the term for the relationship where manipulating the independent variable reliably changes the dependent variable is
• Which term denotes a strategy for modifying behavior based on established behavioral principles?
• Which procedure involves presenting two stimuli together, often causing one to acquire the function of the other?
• What term describes the change (acceleration or deceleration) in the rate of responding over time?
• The conglomerate of real circumstances in which an organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of this is called what?
• Which design rapidly alternates two or more distinct treatments while observing their effects on the target behavior?
• Which term describes the process of reinforcing successive approximations toward a terminal behavior?
• Which term describes a group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal and functional dimensions?
• Which verbal operant is evoked by a nonverbal stimulus and involves labeling or describing objects, actions, or events?
• Which procedure decreases problem behavior by reinforcement contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during or at specific times?
• Which schedule of reinforcement is described as delivering reinforcement after a response occurs if a minimum interresponse time has elapsed?
• Which term describes a behavior that, once learned, produces changes in other untrained behaviors?
• Which term describes a stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that precedes it, often a primary reinforcer?
• Which term best describes behaviors selected for analysis and change because they are socially significant?
• The process of breaking a complex skill into smaller teachable units is called
• Stimulus/setting generalization is a component of Generalized Behavior Change.
• Which measurement term describes a method where some instances may not be detected?
• In forward chaining, which part of the task analysis is taught first, with the trainer completing the remaining steps?
• Which aspect of informed consent ensures the participant can withdraw from treatment or study without penalty?
• Which schedule is characterized by reinforcement following a varying number of responses, leading to high and stable response rates?
• Which term refers to the measurement effect on the behavior, such as the observer's presence altering the behavior being measured?
• Which term describes a direct, continuous observation that records all behavior and the antecedent conditions and consequences in natural environments?
• Which of the following is NOT a dimension of ABA measurement?
• A stimulus that does not elicit or evoke behavior.
• Which term describes the activity of living organisms, including detectable displacement in space over time and a measurable change in the environment?
• Which phenomenon occurs when a previously extinguished behavior reappears after extinction has reduced its frequency to baseline?
• Which contingency describes reinforcement for all members when every member meets a criterion?
• Which timeout procedure involves the learner remaining in the time-in setting but behind a barrier that restricts the view?
• What term describes a reliable relation in which changes in the dependent variable are produced by systematic manipulations of the independent variable?
• Which schedule delivers reinforcement for the first response after a fixed duration has elapsed since the last reinforcement?
• Which term describes an adjustment in which a person's repertoire is developed so that reinforcers are maximized and punishers minimized?
• Which concept refers to the generalization of a response to stimuli that share features with the original cue?
• Which schedule describes reinforcement delivered for the first response emitted after an elapse of a fixed duration of time since the last reinforcement?
• Which phenomenon arises when the observer's data reporting is influenced by awareness that others are evaluating the data?
• Which research design uses baseline logic to demonstrate the effects of an intervention on the behavior of individual subjects?
• What term describes the extent to which a behavior is appropriate in a given situation?
• Which reinforcement schedule provides reinforcement for each occurrence of the target behavior?
• Which term describes instruction that provides the learner with practice with a variety of stimulus conditions, response variations, and response topographies to ensure acquisition of desired stimulus controls and response generalization?
• Which experimental design begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviors in a baseline condition, followed by the application of the treatment variable to one behavior while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other behaviors, and then applying the treatment sequentially to the others?
• What is the science in which tactics derived from behavioral principles are applied to improve socially significant behavior?
• Which verbal operant has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with a spoken stimulus?
• What schedule requires a varying number of responses to produce reinforcement?
• What is the reflex consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the response behavior that it elicits?
• Which verbal operant is described as labeling or describing objects or events?
• Which term refers to unintended changes in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation, resulting in measurement error?
• What term denotes the degree to which a measure actually measures what it intends to?
• Which timeout procedure involves withholding social reinforcers for a brief period contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior?
• A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.
• Which schedule of reinforcement uses the number of responses as the criterion for reinforcement?
• Which concept refers to the degree to which a behavior change is judged to be socially significant and valued by stakeholders?
• What term describes a situation where the occurrence of a behavior is controlled by an antecedent stimulus?
• A POSITIVE PUNISHMENT procedure in which someone physically intervenes as soon as the learner begins to emit a problem behavior to prevent completion of the targeted behavior.
• Which term is defined as using differential reinforcement to produce a series of gradually changing response classes toward a terminal behavior?
• Which principle states that simple explanations should be ruled out experimentally before more complex explanations are considered?
• The contingent loss of reinforcers (e.g., a fine), producing a decrease of the frequency of behavior; a form of negative punishment.
• Which contingency would involve the entire group receiving reinforcement only if every member meets a common criterion?
• Which form of overcorrection requires the learner to repair damage or return the environment to its original state and then engage in additional behavior to improve the environment beyond its pre-misbehavior condition?
• Which term analyzes the purposes (functions) of problem behavior by arranging antecedents and consequences representing those in the person's natural routines within an experimental design so their separate effects can be observed?
• The anticipated outcome of a presently unknown or future measurement is called what?
• Which term refers to the time from the onset of a stimulus to the initiation of a response?
• What term refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events?
• Which concept describes the ability to delay gratification by choosing a larger delayed reward over a smaller immediate reward?
• A group of responses with varying topography that produce the same effect on the environment.
• Which term describes a contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of a person within the group, a select group of members within the larger group, or each member meeting a performance criterion?
• A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior.
• Deprivation is defined as which of the following?
• Which design uses a reversal of the intervention to demonstrate control over behavior?
• Which component requires that the participant have adequate knowledge of the treatment, procedures, risks, and benefits?
• Which time sampling method records whether the target behavior occurred at any time during the interval?
• What term describes a stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement in the past?
• Which term describes changes in behavior that arise from systematic manipulations of the independent variable, such that changes in the dependent variable are unlikely due to confounding factors?
• In a single-subject design, what is the process of predicting a variable, verifying it, and replicating the results called?
• Which term describes a change produced by differential reinforcement of members of the current response class, resulting in a new class?
• Which term involves repeating experiments or independent variable conditions within experiments to establish reliability?
• Which term describes contingencies that exist in the environment and are not arranged by the analyst?
• Which schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on emitting fewer than a gradually decreasing criterion of responses?
• Which term describes a complex form of stimulus control requiring generalization within a class and discrimination between classes?
• Which schedule of reinforcement involves reinforcement following each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time, or is contingent on the number of responses within a period not exceeding a predetermined criterion?
• Which term refers to data collected during the period before introducing the independent variable?
• What term refers to a stimulus whose presentation increases the future frequency of a behavior?
• Which withdrawal design ends on baseline during the withdrawal phase?
• What term refers to a presumed but unobserved process or entity, such as Freud's id or ego?
• The phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule is called what?
• What is the physical shape or form of a behavior called?
• What term refers to the likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a given circumstance?
• Which experimental design uses an initial baseline phase followed by a series of treatment phases with gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment?
• Which assessment acknowledges the complex interrelationships between environment and behavior across multiple settings?
• A learned stimulus–response functional relation is known as which term?
• Which measure describes how closely observed data reflect the true state of the event?
• A group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment or have the same function. Ex: opening a bag of chips, greetings.
• Which term describes the effects of an observation and measurement procedure on the behavior being measured?
• Which term best describes a reliable link between antecedent manipulation and behavior change?
• A condition where the independent variable is not present and data obtained during this period serve as the basis for comparison is called?
• A procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of a target behavior, the person is removed physically from the current environment for a specified period is called what?
• An assessment protocol that acknowledges complex interrelationships between environment and behavior and obtains data across multiple settings and persons is called what?
• Which contingency describes reinforcement for each group member that depends on that member meeting a group-wide criterion?
• Which schedule provides reinforcement for the first correct response after a variable amount of time, regardless of the number of responses?
• Which term describes a behavior that is under stimulus control and shaped by consequences?
• Which term describes procedures described clearly and concisely so that others can replicate them?
• Which term describes a stimulus that signals reinforcement availability for a response?
• Which term describes a motivating operation that temporarily devalues a reinforcer and weakens behavior?
• Which term defines designated responses as members of the targeted response class solely by their common effect on the environment?
• Which of the following is one of the seven attitudes of science?
• What is the full term represented by the acronym DRA?
• Which strategy involves repeatedly exposing a subject to a given condition until the responding pattern stabilizes before introducing the next condition?
• Which term describes a request for a specific item or outcome, typically reinforced by obtaining that item?
• What term captures the extent to which a learner emits the target behavior in settings or stimulus situations different from the instructional setting?
• Which term best describes a repeatable cause-effect relationship between manipulated and observed variables?
• What term describes an initial increase in the frequency of responding when extinction is implemented?
• A punisher that has become effective through association with punishers is called what?